2021年6月英语四级真题 第2套

Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A）, B）, C）and D）. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Sugar shocked. That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar’s role in heart disease—and put the spotlight（注意的中心） squarely on dietary fat.
What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry. Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. “Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor’s interest,” Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.
For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods—the brand behind Welch’s 100% Grape Juice—found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function. Another, funded by Quaker Oats, concluded, as a Daily Mail story put it, that “hot oatmeal（燕麦粥） breakfast keeps you full for longer.”
Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.
“It’s certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry,” says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. “When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for.” And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.
Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical（怀疑的） when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. “Rely on health experts who’ve reviewed all the evidence,” Liebman says, pointing to the official government Dietary Guidelines, which are based on reviews of hundreds of studies.
“And that expert advice remains pretty simple,” says Nestle. “We know what healthy diets are—lots of vegetables, not too much junk food, balanced calories. Everything else is really difficult to do experimentally.”

糖让人震惊。本周，许多美国人在得知了内情之后就是这个反应，披露的内情即，[46]在50年前，制糖业付费请哈佛的科学家做了一项研究，该研究将人们的关注点从糖对心脏病的影响转移开，并将注意的中心全然放在了膳食脂肪上。
可能令消费者惊讶的是，当今到底有多少营养方面的研究仍然由食品行业资助。纽约大学的营养学者玛丽昂·内斯特尔花了一年的时间非正式地追踪调查由食品行业资助的食品方面的研究。“[47]在将近170项研究中，大约有90%是有利于赞助商的利益的。”内斯特尔告诉我们。其他系统综述也支持她的结论。
例如，由韦尔奇食品公司——韦尔奇100%葡萄汁所属的品牌——资助的研究发现，每天喝康科德葡萄汁可以增强大脑功能。另一项由桂格麦片公司资助的研究得出结论，正如《每日邮报》中的一篇报道所说的：“热的燕麦粥早餐可以让你的饱腹感持续更久。”
[48]去年，《纽约时报》披露了可口可乐公司如何资助知名的科学家和机构组织，宣传这样一个信息：在减肥的斗争中，人们应该更加注意锻炼，而少关注一些他们的饮食。可口可乐公司也发布了数据，详细说明了2010年至2015年间它对几家医疗机构和协会的资助。
[49]公共利益科学中心的营养学主任邦妮·利布曼说：“这么多营养健康方面的研究由行业资助，这肯定是一个问题。当食品行业资助研究时，它得到的结果通常是它花钱买到的。”而它花钱买到的结果通常是一个有利于食品行业的发现。
[50]考虑到这种环境，消费者在读到营养科学的最新发现时应该持怀疑态度，并且忽略“新闻递送”弹出的最新研究。“要信赖仔细研究过所有证据的健康专家。”利布曼一边说，一边指着官方政府发布的“膳食指南”，该指南是基于对数百项研究的审查而给出的。
“而且专家的建议仍然非常简单，”内斯特尔说。“我们知道什么是健康饮食——多吃蔬菜，不要吃太多垃圾食品，卡路里要均衡。其他的一切确实都很难通过实验来验证。”

Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

Success was once defined as being able to stay at a company for a long time and move up the corporate ladder. The goal was to reach the top, accumulate wealth and retire to a life of ease. My father is a successful senior executive. In 35 years, he worked for only three companies.
When I started my career, things were already different. If you weren’t changing companies every three or four years, you simply weren’t getting ahead in your career. But back then, if you were a consultant or freelancer（自由职业者）, people would wonder what was wrong with you. They would assume you had problems getting a job.
Today, consulting or freelancing for five businesses at the same time is a badge of honor. It shows how valuable an individual is. Many companies now look to these “ultimate professionals” to solve problems their full-time teams can’t. Or they save money by hiring “top-tier（顶尖的） experts” only for particular projects.
Working at home or in cafes, starting businesses of their own, and even launching business ventures that eventually may fail, all indicate “initiative,” “creativity,” and “adaptability,” which are desirable qualities in today’s workplace. Most important, there is a growing recognition that people who balance work and play, and who work at what they are passionate about, are more focused and productive, delivering greater value to their clients.
Who are these people? They are artists, writers, programmers, providers of office services and career advice. What’s needed now is a marketplace platform specifically designed to bring freelancers and clients together. Such platforms then become a place to feature the most experienced, professional, and creative talent. This is where they conduct business, where a sense of community reinforces the culture and values of the gig economy（零工经济）, and where success is rewarded with good reviews that encourage more business.
Slowly but surely, these platforms create a bridge between traditional enterprises and this emerging economy. Perhaps more important, as the global economy continues to be disrupted by technology and other massive change, the gig economy will itself become an engine of economic and social transformation.

[51]成功曾经被定义为能够在一家公司工作很长时间并在公司的职业阶梯上步步高升。成功的目标是进入高层，积累财富，退休的时候过上安逸的生活。我的父亲是一位成功的高管。在35年的时间里，他只在三家公司工作过。
[52]当我开启我的职业生涯时，情况已经有所不同了。如果你不是每三到四年换一家公司，那么你的职业生涯就不会取得进步。但在以前，如果你是一名顾问或者是自由职业者，人们会觉得你有什么问题。他们会以为你找工作有困难。
[53]如今，同时为五家企业提供咨询或者做兼职是荣誉的象征。它显示了一个人的价值有多大。许多公司现在都指望这些“最强专业人士”来解决他们的全职团队无法解决的问题。或者他们通过只为特定的项目聘请“顶尖专家”来省钱。
在家或在咖啡馆工作，自己创业，甚至开展最终可能会失败的商业风险项目，这些都象征着“积极主动”“有创造力”和“适应性强”，这些都是如今的职场中大家想要拥有的品质。[54]最重要的是，企业越来越认识到，能平衡工作和休闲娱乐的人、能从事自己热爱的工作的人更加专注、更有效率，能为其客户提供更大的价值。
这些人是谁？他们是艺术家、作家、程序员、提供办公服务和职业建议的人。现在需要的是一个专门设计的市场交易平台，将自由职业者和客户聚集到一起。这样的平台接下来会成为以拥有最有经验、最专业和最有创造力的人才为特色的地方。这里是他们开展业务的地方，在这里，社群感强化了零工经济的文化和价值观，在这里，成功会得到良好的评价，而好评会促进更多的业务。
虽然过程缓慢，但这些平台无疑在传统企业和这种新兴经济之间架起了一座桥梁。[55]也许更重要的是，随着全球经济继续受到技术和其他重大变化的干扰，零工经济本身将成为经济转型和社会转型的一个引擎。