2018年12月英语四级真题 第1套
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Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious26 occurring in the developing world.
The figures include a number of costs27 with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.
The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes28 like home heating and cooking, has remained29 over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.
Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray30 it as an “urgent call to action.” “One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little31 ,” he said.
The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income32 nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low- and middle-income countries live in places where they33 experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.
But the problem is not limited34 to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel (柴油)35 have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.
A) ability
B) associated
C) consciously
D) constant
E) control
F) damage
G) described
H) equals
I) exclusively
J) innovated
K) regularly
L) relates
M) sources
N) undermine
O) vehicles
每年，有数百万人因空气污染而早逝。空气污染每年给全球经济造成超过5万亿美元的福利成本，而最严重的[26]损害发生在发展中国家。
这些数字包括与空气污染[27]有关的许多费用。仅收入方面的损失一年就高达2250亿美元。
这份报告包括室内和室外空气污染。尽管该地区在进步，但是像家庭供暖和烹饪之类室内污染[28]源，在过去的几十年里一直保持[29]不变。随着工业和交通业的快速发展，室外污染的程度也在迅速加重。
健康指标与评估研究所的负责人克里斯·默里[30]称之为“紧急行动呼吁”。他说：“导致过早死亡的危险因素之一是我们呼吸的空气，而个人对此几乎没有[31]控制权。”
空气污染的影响在发展中国家最为严重，在一些地方，损失的劳动收入[32]相当于GDP的近1%。在低收入和中等收入国家，大约有十分之九的人居住在[33]经常遭受严重室外空气污染的地方。
但污染问题并不[34]仅仅局限于发展中国家。在美国，数千人过早地死于与此相关的疾病。在许多欧洲国家，柴油[35]汽车近年来变得越来越普遍，其数量已达到数万辆。
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